English Language & Literature & Psychology

A Summary of “A River” by A.K. Ramanujan Madurai of Tamil Nadu, South India is a holy city. It is full of temples and poets. A river named Vaikai flows through this city. The poets of ancient times as well as modern times have written poems on this city and her temples. They have also written on the river and floods. In the poem, we get a picture of the summer season and rainy season as well. In the summer season, the river is dry and only a very small and thin stream flows. The stream is so thin that the ribs of sand made by the flowing water are clearly visible. Every summer a lot of straw and women’s hair stick to the send on the outlets in the causeway and obstruct the free flow of water. The rusty bars under the bridge have patches of repair all over them. Some of the stones on the bed of the river are dry and some of them are wet. All are clearly visible in summer, because the river is dry. When there is flood, in the river, the people everywhere talk about the inch-by-inc

Nissim Ezekiel ’s poem " Enterprise " describes a metaphorical journey toward a specific goal. The travelers on this journey begin in a real physical place, a desert, and argue about how to cross this challenging landscape. One of the members of the group, who writes the most stylish prose, goes his own way. The rest of the group is left on its own. Some quit the team. The group is attacked by travelers, and over time become unmoved by anything they witness. Fatigue and the stresses of travel have settled in and many of the members of the group cannot go on. By the fifth stanza, the picture ahead is grim. The enthusiasm has faded and their burdens are heavy. Their vision is clouded with the disintegration of the group and their exhaustion. The well-focused goal presented in the first stanza is lost. The travelers are a disorganized group of aimless wanderers unaware any longer of the original motivation for their expedition. Their observations at this point in the poem a

                                                          Hayavadana                                                                               - Girishkarnad                                                                   Girish Karnad , (born May 19, 1938,  Matheran , Bombay Presidency [now in Maharashtra], India), Indian playwright, author, actor, and  film  director whose films and plays, written largely in  Kannada , explore the present by way of the past. After graduating from Karnataka University in 1958, Karnad studied philosophy, politics, and economics as a  Rhodes scholar  at the  University of Oxford  (1960–63). He wrote his first  play , the critically acclaimed  Yayati  (1961), while still at Oxford. Centred on the story of a mythological king, the play established Karnad’s use of the themes of history and mythology that would inform his work over the following decades. Karnad’s next play,  Tughlaq  (1964), tells the story of the 14th-century

                                       “Irony As A Principle Of Structure”                                                                                                 Cleanth Brooks                                                                                                     [1906-1994] Cleanth Brooks was an American literary critic and professor. He is best known for his contributions to  New Criticism  in the mid-20th century and for revolutionizing the teaching of poetry in American higher education. His best-known works,  The Well Wrought Urn: Studies in the Structure of Poetry (1947) and  Modern Poetry and the Tradition  (1939), argue for the centrality of  ambiguity  and  paradox  as a way of understanding poetry. With his writing, Brooks helped to formulate  formalist criticism , emphasizing "the interior life of a poem" (Leitch 2001) and codifying the principles of close reading. Brooks was also the prominent critic of  Southern literature , wri

The Intentional and Affective Fallacy by Whimsatt and Beardsley William Kurtz Wimsatt Jr.  (November 17, 1907 – December 17, 1975) was an American professor of English, literary theorist, and critic. Wimsatt is often associated with the concept of the  intentional fallacy , which he developed with  Monroe Beardsley  in order to discuss the importance of an author's intentions for the creation of a work of art. [1] Wimsatt was influenced by  Monroe Beardsley , with whom he wrote some of his most important pieces. Wimsatt also drew on the work of both ancient critics, such as  Longinus  and  Aristotle , and some of his own contemporaries, such as  T. S. Eliot  and the writers of the  Chicago School , to formulate his theories, often by highlighting key ideas in those authors' works in order to refute them. Wimsatt's ideas have affected the development of  reader-response criticism , and his influence has been noted in the works of writers such as  Stanley Fish ,

Ø Ancient Greek philosopher Plato founded the Academy and is the author of philosophical works of unparalleled influence in Western thought Ø Born circa 428 B.C.E., ancient Greek philosopher Plato was a student of Socrates and a teacher of Aristotle. Ø His writings explored justice, beauty and equality, and also contained discussions in aesthetics, political philosophy, theology, cosmology, epistemology and the philosophy of language. Plato founded the Academy in Athens, one of the first institutions of higher learning in the Western world. Ø He died in Athens circa 348 B.C.E. Ø Both of his parents came from the Greek aristocracy. Plato's father, Ariston, descended from the kings of Athens and Messenia. His mother, Perictione, is said to be related to the 6th century B.C.E. Greek statesman Solon. Ø As with many young boys of his social class, Plato was probably taught by some of Athens' finest educators. Ø The curriculum would have featured the doctrines o